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Peptide Research

A reference library of published research on peptides studied in recovery, performance, and longevity medicine. Each entry summarizes mechanism, human evidence, safety data, and regulatory status.

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Peptides are short chains of amino acids that act as signaling molecules in the body. They are an active area of research in recovery, metabolic health and healthy aging, and a small number have been approved as medicines.

This library is general education. It covers compounds studied in this field, most of which are investigational and have no approved medical use. A compound appearing here does not mean Paragon offers it.

Each page below sets out what the research currently shows and what regulators currently say.

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AOD-9604

Studied for effects on fat metabolism and cartilage repair; its Phase IIb trial did not meet its endpoint.

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ARA-290

Investigational peptide studied in neuropathic pain and inflammation.

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BPC 157

Studied in preclinical models for tissue repair and inflammation.

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Chemical structure diagram of a peptide chain with amino acid abbreviations connected by peptide bonds and one side chain showing a pyrrole ring.

CJC-1295

GHRH analog studied for sustained GH and IGF-1 release.

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Molecular structure diagram of Epitalon showing atoms and bonds in black and red lines.

Epitalon

Studied for effects on telomerase activity and pineal regulation.

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Chemical structure diagram of a molecular compound featuring rings, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur atoms, and sodium ions.

FGL (FG loop peptide)

Studied in preclinical models for synaptic plasticity. No human studies.

Middle-aged woman in a robe looking thoughtfully at her reflection in a lighted handheld mirror.

Chemical structure diagram of Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine with labeled atoms and bonds.

GHK-Cu

Copper peptide studied for effects on collagen synthesis and wound healing.

Athletic man sprinting at high speed outdoors in low light with motion blur effect.

Molecular structure diagram of Hexarelin peptide showing carbon, nitrogen, oxygen atoms, and peptide bonds.

Hexarelin

Growth hormone secretagogue studied for cardiac and metabolic effects.

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Chemical structure diagram of a complex polypeptide chain depicting a sequence of amino acids with peptide bonds and side chains.

Humanin

Mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for neuroprotective and metabolic effects.

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Chemical structure diagram of Ipamorelin with labeled atoms and bonds.

Ipamorelin

Selective GH secretagogue studied for effects on GH release and body composition.

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Chemical structure of a complex peptide molecule shown on a black background.

Kisspeptin

Studied as an upstream regulator of the reproductive hormone axis.

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Chemical structure diagram of a KPV tripeptide molecule with atoms and bonds depicted.

KPV

Alpha-MSH fragment studied in preclinical models of inflammation.

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Chemical structure diagram of a large complex organic molecule with multiple rings and functional groups.

MOTS-c

Studied for effects on mitochondrial signaling and metabolic regulation.

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Black and white chemical structure diagram of NAD plus molecule with labelled atoms and bonds.

NAD+

Coenzyme studied for its role in cellular metabolism and DNA repair.

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Chemical structure diagram of a peptide sequence showing amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds.

PE-22-28

Studied in preclinical models for effects on neuroplasticity. No human studies.

Woman stretching her leg on orange bars at night in an outdoor workout area.

Chemical structure diagram of the PEG-MGF peptide molecule with labeled atoms and bonds.

PEG-MGF

Pegylated IGF-1 splice variant studied in preclinical muscle repair models.

Muscular man in a blue long-sleeve shirt running outdoors near a concrete building.

Structural diagram of BPC 157 peptide molecule with atomic bonds and labeled atoms C, H, N, O, S.

Pentadeca Arginate (PDA)

Studied for effects on tissue repair and oxidative stress.

Woman with curly hair in workout attire meditating with eyes closed in a softly lit room.

Pinealon

Short peptide studied in animal models for neuroprotective effects.

Fit young man and woman in athletic wear standing side by side looking to the left with warm ambient lighting.

Chemical structure diagram of Bremelanotide showing its molecular bonds and elements.

PT-141

FDA-approved as bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Woman in athletic wear sitting indoors with sunlight casting warm shadows on her face and arms.

Chemical structure diagram of the peptide Selank showing its amino acid sequence and bonding.

Selank

Anxiolytic peptide studied primarily in Russian clinical research.

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Structural chemical formula of semaglutide, showing a peptide chain with amino acid abbreviations and its molecular connections.

Semaglutide

FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management.

Focused woman in gray tank top preparing to start running on a track.

Molecular structure diagram of Semax, showing chemical bonds and atoms including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms.

Semax

Nootropic peptide studied primarily in Russian clinical research.

Fit woman with a towel over her shoulder standing in a gym with exercise equipment in the background.

Chemical structure diagram of Sermorelin with labeled atoms and bonds.

Sermorelin

GHRH analog studied for stimulation of endogenous growth hormone release.

Man in a black polo shirt and beige pants swinging a golf club on a sunlit golf course.

Chemical structure of Elamipretide, showing a sequence of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms with bonds connecting them.

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

Studied for effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress.

Man with short gray hair and black zip-up shirt sitting in a chair, looking thoughtfully into the distance.

Molecular structure diagram of a peptide chain showing connected amino acids with amino, carboxyl, and side groups.

TB-500

Thymosin beta-4 fragment studied in preclinical tissue repair models.

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Structural chemical formula of Tesamorelin molecule with labeled atoms and bonds.

Tesamorelin

FDA-approved for reduction of excess visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Athlete in grey sportswear walking on a grassy field carrying a black duffel bag under overcast sky.

Structural formula of Thymulin, a peptide with amino acids arranged in a chain including Ser, His, Lys, and Ala.

Thymalin

Thymic peptide preparation studied for immune modulation.

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Chemical structure of a complex peptide molecule with multiple amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds.

Thymosin Alpha-1

Studied for immune modulation; approved in some countries outside the US.

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Chemical structure diagram of the drug Tirzepatide showing its complex molecular components and bonds.

Tirzepatide

FDA-approved dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management.

Statements on this page have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Many peptides described here are not FDA approved for the uses discussed, and some cannot lawfully be compounded in the United States. Nothing on this page is medical advice or a recommendation for any individual. Whether any therapy is appropriate depends on your history, your laboratory results, and a clinical evaluation. Individual results vary. This page is published for education. Use of this site does not create a physician-patient relationship.

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We treat injuries and we work on what caused them. Whether you're an athlete returning to peak form or an active individual who wants to move better, our programs are built on clinical assessment, testing, and published evidence.

Our multidisciplinary approach blends diagnostics, rehabilitation, strength training, and recovery to support your body through every stage of its performance journey. Progress here isn’t accidental — it’s intentional.

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Schedule a

consultation

We treat injuries and we work on what caused them. Whether you're an athlete returning to peak form or an active individual who wants to move better, our programs are built on clinical assessment, testing, and published evidence.

Our multidisciplinary approach blends diagnostics, rehabilitation, strength training, and recovery to support your body through every stage of its performance journey. Progress here isn’t accidental — it’s intentional.

Thank you! Your submission has been received!

Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.